Star Wars

Star Wars is an epic film of science fiction created by George Lucas in 1977. Originally conceived as a trilogy output between 1977 and 1983, the saga has subsequently been extended with three new films released between 1999 and 2005 telling of events prior to the first. All have had great commercial success and the former have received a very positive review, which was nevertheless eroded As the output of the episodes. In order to ensure consistency and to achieve a result that could not get from the start, the creator of the saga has also reworked the movies in her first trilogy, emerged in 1997 and 2004 in new versions.
Emblematic of the type space opera , the story takes place in a “distant galaxy” and chronicles the struggle between the Knights Jedi and Sith , with the central character Anakin Skywalker who yields to the temptation of the Dark Side of the Force to become Darth Vader ( Darth Vader in the original), and his redemption through the work of his son, Luke . Many iconic characters, humans and aliens, are involved in the saga, which launched the careers of several players, including Harrison Ford . Besides movies, the universe has been declining across many different products designed or not under the aegis of Lucas: novels, comics, video games, series, etc.. The history of the series and is widened and deepened by various media.
The World of Star Wars has inspired numerous films ( serials , westerns , Japanese cinema), but also literary (works of Isaac Asimov and JRR Tolkien in particular) and real historical facts. In turn, the world created by George Lucas has influenced a generation of filmmakers and contributed to the creation of new techniques in the field of cinema, particularly in terms of assembly and special effects. The universe of Star Wars was the subject of numerous parodies and tributes, and also has a large fan base that is expressed through various events.
Summary [ hide ]
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The universe of Star Wars takes place in a galaxy scene of clashes between the Jedi Knights and Sith Dark Lords , people vulnerable to Force , mysterious energy field giving them psychic powers. The Jedi master the Light Side of the Force, and defensive powers beneficial to maintain peace in the galaxy. The Sith use the Dark Side, harmful and destructive powers, for their personal use and to dominate the galaxy 1 .
History
Main article: Timeline of the Star Wars saga .

The galaxy of Star Wars was the subject of maps drawn by the fans.
The Galactic Republic was founded to bring peace to the galaxy, but, throughout its existence it has been shaken by secession and war, especially against the Sith Empire. The Jedi theory succeed in eliminating the Sith the galaxy and find peace and prosperity has one , two .
After millennia of existence, the Republic shows numerous faults and is weakened. A politician named Palpatine , who happens to be a Sith , takes advantage of those weaknesses to get elected Supreme Chancellor 2 , has two . During the Clone Wars , between the Republic of separatist factions, the belligerents being manipulated by Palpatine, he was offered full powers by the Galactic Senate 3 , has three . When the war ended, he made ​​a coup by proclaiming the birth of the Galactic Empire , eliminates most of the Jedi and made ​​of Anakin Skywalker takes a Sith name Darth Vader has four . These events are recounted in the prequels, as well as in series Clone Wars , and several accounts of the Expanded Universe 4 .
Twenty years later, the empire spread terror throughout the galaxy and oppresses non-human species. The Jedi, murdered, are reduced to a very small number of exiles and hounded relentlessly by Darth Vader. It was in this atmosphere of oppression that comes the Rebel Alliance with the aim of restoring the Republic. When the new weapon of the Empire, the Death Star , is declared operational, the rebels launched an assault that results in the destruction of the station with a young man mastering the Force, Luke Skywalker 5 , at 5 . Led by master Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda , he became a powerful Jedi. During a battle against Darth Vader, it reveals that he is his father 6 , at 6 . The rebels eventually learn that the Emperor overseeing the construction of a new Death Star and launch an assault on it. Luke confronts Vader there, who earns his redemption by sacrificing himself and killing his master to save his son. This battle marks the destruction of the second station. These events are those of the original trilogy 7 , at 7 .
If movie history stops here, the galaxy of Star Wars continues its history in the novels of the Expanded Universe 8 . The Galactic Empire is seen greatly weakened by the death of the Emperor and the Rebel Alliance turns into New Republic . The Empire, which undergoes many coups to take control, and loses most of its territory for the benefit of the New Republic ends. However, the last imperial organize themselves and form the Remains of the Empire . The young Republic, assisted by the New Jedi Order , must face them in a war that lasts for years before a peace was signed at 8 . It is, however, soon after invaded by extra-galactic beings, the Yuuzhan Vong . Despite the defeat of the latter, most planets in the galaxy have been severely affected or rendered uninhabitable. The New Republic ends and the Galactic Federation of Free Alliances replaces 9 , at 9 . However, a new Galactic Empire is established. Helped by the New Sith Order, it causes the fall of the Galactic Alliance and is once again reign terror and tyranny in the galaxy 10 , has 10 .
Technology
Main article: Star Wars technology .

A light saber, symbolic weapon of the Jedi and Sith in the saga.
The story takes place in a world of high technology. The Jedi and Sith to fight lightsaber , capable of passing through most materials. Despite its name, its nature remains unknown: the original name, ” lightsaber “(” light saber “, or” light saber “), means better appearance but is less explicit. An exhibition at the Cité des Sciences explains that a laser could not produce this effect, but the plasma confined by a magnetic field would better 11 . Omnipresent in the series, this weapon gives rise to duels increasingly epic as and when making films, with the appearance of double saber blades Darth Maul including 12 .
In addition to their swords, the Sith and the Jedi have mastered the Force , a cosmic energy to the rather vague definition Note 1 . Force program enables people who are sensitive to have sharper reflexes, gifts of prescience, and the ability to move objects through sheer force of will 13 .
The space travel are common in the galaxy. With the technology of the hyperdrive , ships can travel quickly from one planet to another. The different factions also utilize warships such as Star Destroyers , in movies become symbols of the Empire, or hunters X-wing like Luke Skywalker . The pilots of the galaxy have also their own jargon, which is not always explained to the viewer 14 . The laser guns are the most common weapons in the saga. Sophisticated vehicles also appear during battles, like the giant AT-AT that mark the beginning of the episode V to 6 .
The droids are also well represented, used for civilian or military. Most visible are R2-D2 and C-3PO , present in all six films in the saga 15 . The Army of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , in the prequels, for its part is composed entirely of battle droids , while Kaminoens , who developed techniques of cloning advances, creating entire armies of clones for the Republic 16 .
Planets
Main article: List of Star Wars planets .

A setting of Tatooine in Tunisia for the filming of the episode I .
The universe of Star Wars depicts many planets. Some come in most movies like Tatooine , where desert planet grow Anakin and Luke Skywalker 17 , or Coruscant , œcumenopole , physical and political center of the galaxy. Many planets are based on a particular type of landscape as Mustafar offering a volcanic landscape of desolation or Hoth , planet swept by snowstorms. Instead, the planets are very similar to the Earth , the image of Naboo or Alderaan 18 . Moreover, if the planets or moons such as volcanic Mustafar, or covered with forest like Endor , have never been discovered, some novelties designed in the saga are scientifically proven. Thus, the double sunset on Tatooine is possible, since there are actually two planetary systems around stars . The nickname “Tatooine” was also given to the system HD 188753 because of its triple star 19 .
Other planets, such as Corellia or Kessel , are simply mentioned in movies by characters travelers, giving the impression of a world larger than what is shown in movies 20 . They were then detailed in the novels, comics and video games in the universe expanded. Thus, Corellia is the scene of some events of the novels The Corellian Trilogy by Roger MacBride Allen or the Han Solo Trilogy 21 .
Species
Main article: List of species from Star Wars .

A fursuit of Wookiee (left) and a Cosplay of Jawa (right).
The Star Wars galaxy is cosmopolitan, consisting of many peoples. The human race is the most common species, but many other species are presented. Some are humanoid, like the Gungans , the hippo-escargocéphales, or Neimoidiens , corrupt financiers to greenish skin present in the prequel trilogy. Others are inspired by animals, like the Wookiees , towering humanoid creatures and furry Ewoks , kinds of teddy bears was 7 .
Some remain as mysterious race of Yoda : Only three representatives of this species appear in the universe of Star Wars and voluntarily maintain the secrecy of their species. The Jawas are no less mysterious, their faces remain unknown, hidden by a coat was five .
Species present in the original trilogy are for most humanoid species, the technique then being limited by the special effects of the time. The prequels offers more varied species through technological advancement. Thus, Nick Dudman, who worked on the design of the creatures on Return of the Jedi and The Phantom Menace , said the jump in 15 years between the two films has dramatically changed the way of designing the characters, including the appearance of CGI 22 .
Movies

Main article: Star Wars (movie) .
Original trilogy (1977-1983)
Synopsis
Main articles: Episode IV , Episode V and Episode VI .
“I really enjoyed to reverse the trajectory of the original movies. If you watch them in order of their publication, IV, V, VI, I, II, III, you get a certain movie. If you watch until I starting from the VI, the result is completely different. One or two generations have seen them in some way, to be completely different the next. It’s a way of making films very modern, almost interactive. You take the cubes, you Arrange differently, and you get different emotional states. ”
- George Lucas 23
The Episode IV begins when Darth Vader captures Princess Leia who stole the plans for the battle station of the Empire , the Death Star . The latter uses the droids R2-D2 and C-3PO to call for help the Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi . Along the way they are recovered by the young Luke Skywalker , a farmer from Tatooine. With the help of the Jedi, the smuggler Han Solo and his copilot Chewbacca , he managed to free the princess who can provide the plans to its rebel allies. They can identify the weak point of the station and the Empire launched an offensive on it. The climax of the film is reached on the rebel attack on the station , which ended with a victory, despite many losses at 5 .
The episode V begins with a great battle, when the Empire attacks the Rebel base of Hoth . In the stampede that followed, the heroes find themselves separated. Leia, Chewbacca, Solo and C-3PO are indeed facing a breakdown of their ship and take refuge with an old friend of the smuggler, Lando Calrissian . Meanwhile, Luke Skywalker following training on Dagobah with the wise master Yoda . Vader tries to attract to him to make it a powerful ally of the Empire, and imprisons his friends on the planet Bespin to get him. Luke confronts while his companions managed to escape. Han Solo is, in turn, trapped, trapped in a block of carbonite, to be delivered to Jabba the Hutt to whom he was in debt. During his duel, Vader tells Luke he is his father. The latter, rather than surrender, chose to throw in a vacuum and is rescued by his friends at 6 .
The beginning of the episode VI presents the plan developed by the hero to rescue Solo from Jabba’s hands. It turns out to be a success, and will also result in the death of the Hutt. Meanwhile, the Empire is developing a second Death Star, whose construction is overseen by Emperor Palpatine himself. The rebels are therefore an opportunity to hit, especially as the station looks vulnerable. In fact, this weakness is Coolsculpting Kelowna only feigned, and this is a trap designed to eliminate the rebels, but the intervention of the people of Ewoks can turn things around. In addition, Luke confronts Vader and the Emperor. While Palpatine prepares to complete Luke, Vader changes his mind and kills his master. He died shortly thereafter while the rebels celebrate the end of the Empire was 7 .
Difficult start but an unprecedented success

Mark Hamill, Luke Skywalker’s interpreter in 1978.
The screenplay for Star Wars appeared in the mind of George Lucas in the early 1970s . The first scenario appears in 1973 under the title The Journal of Whills , and recounts the adventures of the Jedi Mace Windy Note 2 : Some items displayed, as the structure of the Jedi Order, eventually did appear in the prequels, 25 years later 24 . The first project called The Star Wars appears in May: 14 pages in, Lucas sums up the whole adventure of General Skywalker. Gradually, Lucas stuff his script, adding characters, places, concepts, which sometimes appear until much later 25 . It then becomes impossible to hold the whole story in one movie. Lucas think trilogies then having to make three, and decides to start with the central trilogy 26 .
However, the time is not favorable to science fiction movies, and movie studios are not tempted by the film. The success of his film American Graffiti , however, allows Lucas to get a contract for Star Wars with 20th Century Fox 26 , 27 . To finance his film, Lucas manages to defend the potential using the designer Ralph McQuarrie illustrating spectacular scenes of his script, and lays the groundwork for the appearance of certain characters. Producers are interested and willing to invest 8.25 million dollars in the project 28 . Lucas also managed, strong commercial success of his previous film, to obtain the rights to the following two episodes, though, as he feared, the first ended up in disaster. It also attempts a risky gamble: while denying certain privileges that it offers the Fox, he asked to receive full income derivatives. What is so ridiculous a practice will be for him a real windfall 29 .
In the lead roles, the director decides to hire novice actors: Mark Hamill , already known on television, and Carrie Fisher , daughter of actors recognized, are finally chosen to interpret Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa 30 . Harrison Ford is its share first rejected (because he already played with Lucas), but the director changed his mind after seeing it to cue the actors during auditions, and gives him the role of Han Solo . To play the wise Obi-Wan Kenobi , a more established actor is chosen: Sir Alec Guinness , who, according to George Lucas, on the set plays the same role as a mentor in the film 31 , 32 .
The realization of the episode IV , then simply titled Star Wars at the request of the studios do not want to confuse the public, proved fairly disastrous: the studios are showing more and more pressing as costs rise Shooting . The sequences shot in Tunisia are troubled by the climate and technical problems. Following the shooting, in London studios, is marked by a frantic work pace and the unwillingness of British technical teams 33 . Moreover, the test screenings of the film (which is missing then the music and special effects), struggling to convince. The failure seems programmed, and the output is provided only in 32 theaters across the United States in 1977 34 . Success was immediate, however, and the benefits generated by sales of products to allow Lucas to consider the following films 35 . Within months, distributed worldwide, Star Wars was a great success and became a social phenomenon 36 .
The realization of the second episode is in the agenda, and Lucas surprises the film world by deciding to finance it himself, through his company Lucasfilm 37 . However, state health director deteriorated sharply during the first shooting, in particular due to stress and the tight schedule. If he continues to write the script and get involved in the production, Lucas thus leaves its place to a filmmaker confirmed director, Irvin Kershner , who is responsible for carrying out the episode V : The Empire Strikes against 38 . The film involves special effects larger, more resources, but success is achieved avoids the problems previously known. It was released in 1980 and is a critical and commercial success to match the previous episode 39 , 40 . A concern arises, however: the fact that the film begins, not by a generic, but by a scrolling text with the plot, led to a lawsuit from the Directors Guild of America and Writers Guild of America that then leaves the director, putting himself outside the rules of Hollywood 41 . At the same life insurance quotes time, Lucas built the Skywalker Ranch , containing the local post-production and assembly will be completed when the next film in the series 42 .
The episode VI must then be rotated. Unlike the first film, The Empire against attack was not designed to be independent, and its end result necessarily requires that the public expects 43 . Kershner did not feel able to repeat the experience, the realization falls to Richard Marquand 44 . However, to avoid delays and budget overruns met on the set before, Lucas is more present 45 , 46 . The film was released in 1983 and became the most profitable of the trilogy 47 . It marks, for 15 years, the end of Star Wars , the time that the director can benefit from his children, and may have the technology to its ambitions 48 .
Prequel trilogy (1999-2005)
Synopsis
Main articles: Episode I , Episode II and Episode III .

A fan dressed as a clone of the 501 th Legion, soldier of the Republic in the prequels.
The episode I started 32 years before the events of Episode IV . Two Jedi, Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi are responsible for investigating a political crisis affecting the peaceful planet of Naboo . It is invaded, and his queen, Padme Amidala , fled the planet with the Jedi to plead his case before the Senate on Coruscant . Along the way, the group stops on Tatooine to repair his ship, and met a young slave, Anakin Skywalker , who has strong affinities with the Force . He eventually joined the group. The heroes quickly realize that the Senate will do nothing to help, and go to Naboo conduct themselves the liberation of the planet, while Senator Palpatine takes advantage of the crisis to gain power. On Naboo, a mysterious Sith , Darth Maul , Qui-Gon kills before being killed by Obi-Wan. The planet is finally released, and Anakin begins a Jedi training, while the masters Yoda and Mace Windu are wondering about a possible return of the Sith has two .
Ten years later occurs the episode II . Republic plans to create an army to fight against the forces of separatists who are gaining importance in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi is responsible to track a mysterious killer, and discovers an army of clones has already been commissioned by the Republic, unofficially. Meanwhile, Anakin must maintain Amidala, now Senator, safe, and both fall in love. Kenobi is finally captured by the separatists, and Anakin comes to her rescue with the Senator, while the Senate vote full powers to Chancellor Palpatine, who proclaims the creation of a Grand Army of the Republic. The latter, led by the Jedi, comes to rescue heroes, declaring that the Clone Wars . Shortly after the battle, Anakin secretly marries Padmé on Naboo’s home planet of the Senator has three .
The Episode III begins when the Jedi Skywalker and Kenobi save the Chancellor captured by separatists during the war. Gradually the influence of the latter becomes increasingly strong. Meanwhile, the Jedi increasingly suspect the presence of a Sith Lord in the highest echelons of power. While the knights are sent to fight across the galaxy with their battalions of clones, Anakin discovers that the Chancellor is the Sith Lord in question. However, it explains the means to save Padme from death considered certain. Anakin then prevents the Jedi to kill the Sith in interposing in his duel against Mace Windu. Palpatine took the opportunity to eliminate the Jedi Master, and then decreed the order 66 : all the knights are eliminated by their clones. Some, however, escaped the massacre, Yoda and Obi-Wan in mind. The first hand face Palpatine, newly proclaimed Emperor, and fails. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan confronts Anakin, Vader became the Lord, and left him for dead, horribly burned. While Palpatine Vader had surgery, now enclosed in an imposing black armor, Padmé gives birth to two children, Luke and Leia, before dying. The first is entrusted to his uncle and aunt on Tatooine, while the latter is raised by the royal family of Alderaan was 4 .
Production: the return of Lucas to commands

Hayden Christensen , who plays Anakin Skywalker in Episodes II and III , in 2005.
The scenario was already outlined the prequels since the 1980s . Thus, the fact that Anakin is seriously burned in a volcano, or the fact that the Emperor is named Palpatine , although not mentioned in the original trilogy of movies, have already explained in the novel Return of the Jedi , released at the same time as the film. The political context of the late Republic and the arrival of the Sith is also clear in the mind of George Lucas 49 . Similarly, some facts and places like Kashyyyk , the Wookiee planet, or Coruscant , the capital of the Republic, appeared in previous books in the saga. Lucas tackles the precise wording of the scenario in 1994. It ended in 1995, although the director’s own admission, her technical work led him to pursue changes and additions to the final assembly 50 .
Contrary to what he did for the original trilogy, Lucas chose this time for young players, but have already proven themselves: Natalie Portman is well illustrated in Leon , and Ewan McGregor in Trainspotting 51 . Most prestigious actors are also involved: Liam Neeson interprets Qui-Gon Jinn on the set and plays a role similar to that of Alec Guinness in the first trilogy 52 . Samuel L. Jackson plays Mace Windu , while Christopher Lee is back to the cinema in the role of Count Dooku . Ian McDiarmid , after a career in the British classical theater, reprises the role of Palpatine he had already held in the Return of the Jedi , while Kenny Baker and Anthony Daniels resumed the role of the two droids, and are the only actors in the six films 53 . Finally, a number of characters are now completely virtual as Yoda or Jar Jar Binks 54 .
The three films are made ​​by Lucas, contrary to what had been done in the original trilogy. Although computers and virtual sets are increasingly used real sets are also the scene of action. The film crew runs well in Italy and in Tunisia 55 . The Phantom Menace was released in 1999 and marks the return of Star Wars on the screens. However, criticism shows mixed, and often negative score 3 , 56 . Attack of the Clones released in 2002 for his part, and is the first of the series to receive a simultaneous worldwide release, to avoid suffering the Piracy as its predecessor 57 . Once again, the critical reception was very torn between those who see a slowing of the saga and a loss of novelty, and those who feel a real strong comeback after the previous episode 58 .
Revenge of the Sith should finally make the connection between the two trilogies, and mark the passage of the flamboyant Republic in the Age of Empire Note 4 . The episode, particularly dark, and is marked by a very long sword fight between Anakin and Obi old republic Wan 59 . The scenario is not completed, and changes between 2002 and 2003: an appearance of Han Solo and child is removed from the script, while the definitive end of the saga draws 60 . During filming, this episode is the only one where the players do not leave the studio 61 . The film opens the Cannes Film Festival in 2005 and enjoyed great commercial success 62 .
Critical and commercial reception of the saga

By 1977, the heroes of Star Wars ( Darth Vader , C-3PO and R2-D2 ) have left their mark in front of the Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles .
Movies of the original trilogy are highly praised by critics. A New Hope is named 11 times during the Academy Awards of 1978 63 and receives seven Academy Awards including Best Visual Effects, which is so rare for a sci- fiction 64 . Empire Strikes against receiving the Oscar for best sound and visual effects Oscar for his 65 . Finally, Return of the Jedi receives only one Oscar, also for its visual effects 66 . In his book Anatomy of a saga , Lawrence Jullier examines the critical reception of the first five films in the series (the book being released before Revenge of the Sith ) in the French press. From the first movie, it appears that cleavage clearly opposes an elitist who hates press, a press that adheres more popular, considering that sometimes the script is weak. The film also does not escape comparison with what was then the classic: 2001, A Space Odyssey . However, most critics consider it impossible to compare the incomparable 67 .
The Empire Strikes against experienced a similar welcome, while generally compared to its predecessor. Although they often find something to criticize the film, including its dualism , most newspapers welcome a sympathetic manner this new opus 68 . The third film, Return of the Jedi , attracts more assertive criticisms: some journalists are beginning to rebel from what appears to be a fad, while newspapers devoted fans of the genre are the praises of the film 69 . In the U.S., the trend is the same, as evidenced by the site Metacritic : Episode IV achieves a score of 91/100, with thirteen positive reviews 70 , the V gets 78/100, with eleven positive reviews and four neutral 71 . Finally, the VI arrives only 52/100, with eight positive reviews, three neutral and three negative, critics mainly the repetitiveness of the saga and the appearance of the Ewoks , tried infantilize 72 .
The films of the prequels were less well received by the press and public, The Phantom Menace with only three Oscar nominations without winning a single 73 . Instead, he was named eight times Razzie Awards 74 and won the worst supporting actress for Jar Jar Binks 75 . Critics accuse indeed privileged to have Lucas special effects worked to the detriment of the plot, and attack particularly the character of Jar Jar Binks and the acting skills of Jake Lloyd (Anakin child) 76 , 77 . A modified version of the film by a fan has subsequently been published, including removing most of the scenes of Jar Jar, by creating a media frenzy 78 .
George Lucas takes the criticism into account, and thus greatly reduces the role of Jar Jar Binks in the following films 79 . Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith does not win Oscar and are named only once, respectively for best visual effects 80 and for the best makeup 81 . The Episode II criticism knows slightly above car insurance quotes its predecessor, although the love story is regularly criticized for its naivete 82 . The third known more critical success, which brings it almost to the level of the old trilogy, in the eyes of some of the critical 83 .
From a business perspective, Star Wars attracts huge crowds to theaters. This film is also the most profitable with $ 261 million reported to the exit of the special edition in 1997 and stood at the time a record in terms of revenue for the day of exit 47 . In doing so, George Lucas has contributed to the emergence of blockbusters and a film industry centered primarily on the production of silver, as he himself has always denied making this film for 84 . He has always sought to remain independent vis-à-vis the studios and rejected suggestions that aimed to make more commercial films by diverting its history Note 5 , 85 .
Star Wars: Special Edition
“For me, the Special Edition is the definitive version. I do not worry even more from others because he had to go through many stages before reaching the final result. ”
- George Lucas 86
In preparing the prequels, the mid- 1990s , George Lucas also believes that the technology allows it to resume the films already made ​​to better reflect the idea that he had, or to improve consistency. Scenes are altered to be more dramatic or aesthetic (propagating virtual secondary characters, adding scenes of jubilation on various planets at the end of Episode VI), but others are completely narrative 87 . Thus, the episode IV, who was the most disappointing in the eyes of the director, sees many changes occur, the most important scene features a Jabba the Hutt synthesis in conversation with Han Solo : tour in 1977, she n had not been added due to lack of technical means 88 . Emerged from the cinema in 1997 in this modified version, the films are once again a great success for George Lucas is the way to publicize his saga to a new generation of viewers, but to obtain funds to carry out its new trilogy 89 .
In 2004, to mark the release dental assistant schools of the old trilogy on DVD, Lucas takes his films again for re-level vis-à-vis the prequels. The films are well restored and remastered, and they know each batch of changes. Jabba the Hutt is improved in its delivery of Episode IV, whereas, in Episode V, the Emperor (who appeared in a holographic conversation was played by an old woman who had been superimposed eye chimpanzee) is reinterpreted by Ian McDiarmid who plays Palpatine in the other films. Finally, at the end of Return of the Jedi , the actor Sebastian Shaw , who played until then the ghost of Anakin Skywalker , is replaced by Hayden Christensen , her alter-ego of the prequels 90 .
This emerged ulcer especially fans of the first hour, which a party considers that the Star Wars authentic ones they have seen young people as they were back then. A scene shocked them particularly, in Episode IV: The original version showed Han Solo shooting first on the bounty hunter Greedo. In the special edition, it takes in response to shooting Greedo, then, in the 2004 version, the two take almost simultaneously. This change makes many unhappy, rallied behind the slogan ” Han shot first ” . In September 2006, assigns and publishes Lucas films in a special edition DVD of two each, where the new version alongside the old, however they are removed from the market on 31 December 86 . In 2011, with the release of the saga format Blu-ray , Lucas is making further changes. Thus, when Darth Vader kills the Emperor at the end of Episode VI, he does more in silence, but his gesture accompanies a ” Nooooo! ” which has upset some of the fans 91 .
Meanwhile, Lucasfilm announces emerged future 3D movies in theaters for 2012 92 . Producer Rick McCallum said later that she will be at the rate of one film a year, between 2012 and 2017, but work on episodes II to VI would subject that emerged from the first film a success 93 . The episode I is the first film to come, for release in RealD United States February 10, 2012 94 .
Project or rumors of the third trilogy
When he began writing Star Wars , George Lucas has gradually envisaged to produce three films and three trilogies. The trilogy is central, he said, the more commercial, it is by it that he started. The first trilogy or prequels, for its part, made ​​twenty-five years later 95 . The third trilogy was mentioned many times, to become a true urban legend. Thus, when exiting the Return of the Jedi in 1983, Time Magazine announced already two other trilogies. If the summary of the episodes I , II and III was already sketched, that of VII , VIII and IX is described as very vague, although the actors Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher are to reprise their roles for the shooting, provided they look old enough 96 . At the same time, other publications were going to announce twelve films, and speculation ran rampant, without confirmation of the director 97 . The cycle of Thrawn Timothy Zahn , including Heir to the Empire , The Battle of the Jedi and The Last Command , was wrongly announced by French publishers as corresponding to the third trilogy 98 .
George Lucas, however, said many times that the script had been changed, and that the episode VI marked the real end of the series 99 . He said the history of Star Wars is that of Anakin and Luke Skywalker , and it ends at the end of the episode VI . Similarly, Gary Kurtz , producer of episodes IV and V , unveiled the scenarios for nine episodes in the saga. According to this interview, the saga in nine episodes supposed that the Emperor to appear only in the ninth, confirming that the episode VI as carried out does not leave the door open for suites originally planned 100 . In another interview, he stated that projects in these films were very vague 101 .
Lucas also reported no response when asked what happens after Return of the Jedi 102 . Rumors and false interviews bloom regularly on the Internet to announce the episodes VII , VIII and IX , and are condemned by Lucasfilm , which has sometimes taken action against the perpetrators of hoaxes 103 . He also came to say, in 2002, he could take over the project after waiting twenty years, as he did for the prequels, but, he adds: “Do not expect too much here-above ” . He added in 2005: “I will not let anyone else directing episodes VII, VIII and IX. This is the end, I do not want other people to do more episodes of Star Wars . There are other possibilities, books, but movies, feature http://www.bestratedbadcreditloans.com/ films, no. This is something that belongs to me ” 104 .
Expanded Universe

Main article: Star Wars Expanded Universe .
The expanded universe of Star Wars is any history of the saga recounted in a medium other than films. George Lucas believes that the universe of Star Wars is divided into three sets. The first category is that on which the director has direct control: movies and television series. The second group includes the official products which do not fall directly Lucas: video games, comics, novels … These two sets form the canon of the saga. A third category exists, and it includes everything that is produced by fans. Sometimes, however, elements of this set are included in the canon. For example, the 501 th company of stormtroopers, association cosplay , was integrated into the plot of the game Star Wars: Battlefront II and the universe of the series 105 .
TV series

The Clone Wars is one of the main series of the expanded universe.
The first television series was filmed a year after the release of the first film. At the time of Star Wars ( Star Wars Holiday Special ), where the cast resumed their role, and where appeared the character of Boba Fett , did not please to George Lucas , so much so that he refrain from releasing Lego Star Wars 106 . This program is a joke for the fans, but also for the players, including Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher (who denies the existence in some press conference or at a convention, covered the song that she interpreted). As for George Lucas, he states that “if I had a hammer and time, I traquerais each copy to crush” 107 .
In 1984 and 1985, George Lucas produced two TV movies for ABC , mainly for children. Focused on the people of Ewoks presented in Return of the Jedi , they are entitled The Ewok Adventure and The Battle of Endor , and won a Emmy Award for special effects 106 . Both productions portray the young actor Warwick Davis , discovered by Lucas during the filming of Star Wars and later found in many science fiction films of 108 . At the same time appear two animated series produced by the studio Nelvana (who had contributed to the days of Star Wars ): Droid tells the adventures of R2-D2 and C-3PO between Episodes III and IV , while Ewoks tells the life of the Ewok Wicket before the Battle of Endor . This second series has been a second season 109 .
In the year 2000 , and accompanying the release of the prequels, new projects flourish. An animated series telling the Clone Wars comes out on television in 2003: Clone Wars . Released between episodes II and III, it links them, particularly by introducing the character of General Grievous 109 . In 2008, a series of graphics that take place after Clone Wars appears on the screens: The Clone Wars and is introduced by a film using the same technique, Star Wars: The Clone Wars 110 .
At a convention of fans in 2005, George Lucas announces the marketing for chiropractic arrival of a new series , with real actors, which would take place between Episodes III and IV. First envisioned in 2009, it is rejected, while his script thickens 111 . Mid-2011, Lucas said that, for economic reasons, the series never saw the day before 2014 at least 112 .
Novels
Main article: Star Wars (novels) .
By 1977 and the release of Star Wars , the saga is adapted into a novel because George Lucas himself sign the novelization of the first episode (actually written by Alan Dean Foster ), with multiple narrative inspired details, including scenes cut 113 . All other episodes are being adapted into a novel, by other authors this time. Again, the authors draw on the deleted scenes and the film’s original screenplay: thus, the novelization of Revenge of the Sith accentuated by the passage of new scenes of Anakin Skywalker ‘s Dark Side of the Force 109 .
Soon other novels are details of events that were only sketched in the film saga. Thus, the romance between Han Solo and Leia Organa is entered in The Courtship of Princess Leia , published in 1994 114 . Some series are also experiencing great success by exploring the characters’ past, as the two trilogies on the youth of Han Solo: publications of this type have become very fashionable in the 1990s 106 . The stories are often inspired by the form of films, and sometimes vice versa. Frames often based on familiar characters and elements however dig the story of the saga before and after the events of the film 115 .
With the 2000s and the series on the subject, the Clone Wars is the subject of several novels, including the series Republic Commando from Karen Traviss . In total, the novels Star Wars , published in France by Editions Presses de la Cité , Black River and Pocket for a party, are more than two hundred 116 .
Comics
Main article: Star Wars (comics) .
From the beginning of the series, George Lucas wants Star Wars is adapted diabetic foot treatment in comics. Marvel Comics publishes very well adapted version of Episode IV, taking great liberties with the characters in the series, due to lack of documentation 117 . In general, much of the works produced around Star Wars , whether movies, series or video games, are also adapted in comics. The films are even being adapted in manga 115 .
The other comics are committed to telling other points in history by insisting on detailed little characters in movies like Darth Maul , or even new points of history. Thus, Star Wars Legacy recounts the adventures of Cade Skywalker , descendant of Luke. The action takes place 133 years after the episode VI and tells a new war between the Sith one hand and the other imperial and the Galactic Alliance and Jedi, which ended with the defeat of the latter. Since the beginning of 1991 , Dark Horse has the monopoly of publishing these cartoons. In France, they are distributed by Editions Delcourt 118 .
Video Games
Main article: Star Wars video games .

Video game part of the Expanded Universe
Since the release of films, a large number of video games based on the saga Star Wars have emerged. While some have been acclaimed by critics, others have been real disappointments for gamers. The first games are emerging on the 2600 Atari 1982 and arcade games in 1983 with Star Wars . Others followed on Amstrad , Game Boy and NES , and films are adaptations, such as the game Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back in 1988 119 . The 1990s saw the arrival of flight simulators with Star Wars: X-Wing (1993) and its sequels and derivatives 120 . The 1990s saw also arise from other series appreciated by critics: Dark Forces and its sequels derived from Jedi Knight in 1995 121 and Star Wars: Rogue Squadron in 1998, which remains a long reference type 122 .
The release of the new trilogy at the turn of the year 2000 marks the arrival of new adaptations of film such as Star Wars Episode 1: Racer inspired races modules Tatooine, Star Wars Episode 1: The Threat Phantom 123 and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith , although it disappoint in its short life 124 .
Other games are exploring new ways scriptwriting, bridging the gap between the films, as the series Star Wars: Battlefront , inspired by the gameplay of Battlefield 1942 , who can relive a lot of battles in different camps 125 . Star Wars: Empire at War for its part is a strategy game in real time critics also positive 126 . The epitome of this concept is achieved in 2003 with Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic enshrined in many magazines such as Game of the Year 127 , and in 2008 with Star Wars: The Force Unleashed , including history, developed with the endorsement of George Lucas , is totally in the chronology of the saga between the two trilogies 128 . Critically acclaimed for its screenplay and its graphics, he was associate a sequence found to be very disappointing 129 .
In 2011 released the MMORPG (massively multiplayer online game) Star Wars: The Old Republic , developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts
Most of these games are developed by the company LucasArts founded in 1982, and not only famous for its video-play adaptations of the saga, but hier Tagesgeldvergleich also for other hit shows such as Monkey Island 130 .
Inspirations

George Lucas
A universe inspired by the fiction …
For his saga, George Lucas drew inspiration from many sources in books, films and series that have marked. Cycles of Isaac Asimov raised the foundations of his conception of droids, but also the idea of planets, cities like Coruscant 131 . Another classic of science fiction inspired particularly the director, the serials of the 1930s , including Flash Gordon – this is where Lucas takes its title (itself claims that love for titles like The Revenge of .. . and so on) and the scrolling text at the beginning of movies. Similarly, several characters from Star Wars exploit stereotypes already seen in these serials 132 . Cinema of Akira Kurosawa , including his film The Hidden Fortress , also draws particularly the director, both in substance and in form. This is indeed the film that takes the idea to focus a part of the plot on the two most insignificant characters (the two droids, mainly in Episode IV), but also inspired by Lucas for shutters that flip the image to serve as a transition between scenes, typical film of the first half of the XX th century 133 .
Inspiration also comes from other movies. The Western is at the origin of some scenes, including Tatooine , while the thriller inspired by the beginning of Episode II 134 . The peplum also plays a role, particularly through the race which occupies a central place in The Phantom Menace and is directly inspired by the chariot race in Ben Hur 135 . War movies and pirates also inspired many scenes: the attack on the Death Star is made ​​by Lucas with film clips representing World War II in the air to guide the work of corporations special effects, while the assault on Kashyyyk in Episode III was inspired by the movie The Saving Private Ryan 136 .
Inspiration is, finally, literary: the anthropological study of Joseph Campbell The Hero with a Thousand Faces and the Arthurian legend is one of the main sources to create archetypes in its history, as the poor young hero called for adventure, the old hermit who took him under his wing, the princess in distress 137 … The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien is also a great source of inspiration for George Lucas: the two sagas share a very similar frame and quite similar characters ( Obi-Wan Kenobi and Gandalf , for example), but also methods similar narrative (eg bring the romance out of protagonists of the story: Leia married Han Solo in a book of the universe expanded, Aragorn and Arwen see their romance told in the appendices of the book) 138 .
And reality … www.ihairstyles2012.com/short-hairstyles/
George Lucas has also drawn inspiration from reality, including historical facts. In addition to the space combat scenes inspired movies on the Blitz , the director was inspired among other medieval Western history and philosophies of the Far East. Thus, the Jedi have a philosophy tinged with Buddhism , while Darth Vader’s helmet was inspired by the designer Ralph McQuarrie by those of the Samurai 139 . Lucas also explains his inspiration, for the gradual rise of Palpatine and the transition from Republic to Empire, what happened to Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler 140 . He also admits that the Empire portrayed in early films drew inspiration from the days of Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War , which led him to question how a democracy can turn into dictatorship. In 2005, Lucas also said: “I hope we do not live in our country, maybe the film will awaken people to the United States, including threats against democracy 141 . ”
Lucas has also inspired by events of daily life. Thus, the idea of an alien copilot, Chewbacca , he came by his dog, of imposing size, which often stood in the passenger seat when driving at the time 142 . Similarly, the name of Jar Jar Binks came a name invented by a child of director 143 . The short film George Lucas in Love directed by Joe Nussbaum, a parody of Shakespeare in Love , also shows a young George Lucas inspired by the context that surrounds the campus to create the atmosphere of his first film. Although parody, this film was much appreciated, including by director 144 .
Posterity

Cultural impact

Mel Brooks has made ​​The Wild History of space , parodying Star Wars .
Star Wars has been parodied many times and repeated in movies and series. Thus, the Mad Space History is a film directed by Mel Brooks parody those of the original trilogy. If it also inspires other such films as Alien , the influence of the Lucas saga is this: the film begins with a summary chart, the wicked Lord Helmet Black, parody of Darth Vader, one crosses Also Pizza the Hutt, a parody of Jabba the Hutt consists of pizza and a reference to Pizza Hut , and the hero will meet the Worshipful Master Yogurt, a specialist in derivatives 145 . References to Star Wars in the series and the Internet are also innumerable drawings and parody videos circulating on the web. star wars website Number of references to the saga are also made ​​in The Simpsons , as in the episode Blind Date parody that the release of Episode I and the reactions of the fans 146 .
In addition, Star Wars has played an important role for movies, coming at a time when the dominant genera were the disaster movie satire and comedy, and when science fiction seemed outdated. Lucas himself and produced in early 1980 the series of Indiana Jones made ​​by his friend Steven Spielberg . Similarly, the decision to make in 1979 Star Trek, the film is made ​​by the Paramount after seeing the success of Star Wars 145 . Similarly, the episode of James Bond announced under the title Just for your eyes is delayed to make way for Moonraker , which goes up to stage a battle space 145 . Other filmmakers like Peter Jackson ( The Lord of the Rings ), also report having been inspired by the work of George Lucas. Finally, the 1980s saw the flowering of many turnips film containing the codes of the saga (the young farmer out to conquer the stars, spam pranksters etc..) 145 .
Star Wars also marked the film by advances in technology. The special effects have been particularly strongly developed, with the creation of a society by George Lucas : Industrial Light & Magic , originally eg dinosaur Jurassic Park 147 . One branch of this company, specialized in the field of computer science, has subsequently been resold to become Pixar , the source of computer-animated films such as Toy Story . Moreover, the saga has self defense products also led to innovations in sound, with Skywalker Sound , which helped the development of hundreds of films, and the THX system 147 . Finally, the films of the prequels highly innovative in the field of computer-made creatures, like the kaminoens or Jar Jar Binks . This kind of creation then becomes common in movies of the 2000s as The Lord of the rings or avatar . Lucas explains: “We did Jar Jar, Watto and Sebulba believable characters, capable of playing a role. [...] We opened a door that anyone else can now cross 147 . ”
In popular culture

Of cosplayers dressed up as Jedi and Sith in 2006.
Star Wars has a major impact on popular culture. His lines are fast becoming cult like “the Force be with you ” note 6 , or the ” I am your father ” of Vader. The very title of Star Wars is reused in the context yet far from the Cold War . Indeed, when Ronald Reagan proposed the program Strategic Defense Initiative to prepare the defense of territory against Soviet missiles, the project was quickly dubbed “Star Wars”, so much so that Lucasfilm commences, and loses a lawsuit to about 148 .
The enthusiasm for Star Wars entails large meetings of fans around the world on the occasion of the release of films or in other settings. An official fan club was formed in the United States : Star Wars Hyperspace . Conventions are also held. Some are organized by Lucasfilm Ltd. as Star Wars Celebration in the United States whose fourth edition was held in Los Angeles in May 2007 including Carrie Fisher 149 while the sixth will be held in August 2012 in Orlando 150 . In France, Star Wars Reunion , organized by Lucasfilm Magazine (Magazine Official Star Wars Fan Club in France later renamed Star Wars Magazine and then disappeared in 2009), was held at Cinema Le Grand Rex in Paris in May 2005 and October in 2007. The second edition of the French Convention gave rise to a distribution marathon in two days of the six films in the series and offered as guest producer Rick McCallum and Roger Carel , doubling the French C-3PO 151 . Events beyond Lucasfilm Ltd. has among its main themes the saga Star Wars are also held each year as Star Wars Fan Days ( Dallas , USA ), FACTS 152 ( Ghent , Belgium ), Generations and Star Wars Science Fiction 153 ( Cusset , France ) or the JediCon 154 ( Düsseldorf , Germany ). Many fans practice cosplay at these events, sometimes giving rise to the birth of true associations such as the 501 th legion 155 named after a company of stormtroopers and often goes to charitable services.
Moreover, the activity of the fans also involves the animation of web sites and online encyclopedias on the world of the saga. Real debates sometimes arise about certain characters and scenes. The output of the episode I see appearing on the web a wave of hatred against Jar Jar Binks 156 . Controversies also arise over the redone versions of the original trilogy, out in 1997 and 2004, as evidenced by the slogan Han shot first , considering that the editing of a scene from the episode IV borders on heresy, 157 . The involvement of fans sometimes goes very far, as with the phenomenon of the Jedi 2001 : during censuses in English speaking countries, number of people, usually a sign of protest or humor, answered “Jedi Knight” to the question “what is your religion? ” 158 . Some also claim more seriously their membership jediisme (figures up to 500,000 members of the International Church of Jediism ), and they were denied accreditation as well as religions and beliefs, when studied a British commission in 2010, discrimination on the opinions. The Commission explained that because “beliefs [affected by the law] must be sincere” 159 .